PH 410 - Introduction to Nano(-materials) science & Engineering

Introduction to Nano(-materials) science & Engineering

last updated April 29, 2008

Lecturer: Peter Moeck, Dr. rer. nat. (Crystallography)

Assistant Professor of Physics

Office Hours: Tuesday and Thursday 12:00-12:30 pm

and by appointment

Office Location: SB 2, room 404, pmoeck@pdx.edu,

Tel. 725-4227,

but I do prefer to communicate with my students per e-mail and do

not open e-mail attachments of any kind as a matter of principle

classical materials science and engineering, commonly abbreviated as MSE, is a natural approach to nano(-materials) science and engineering, so you do have to learn a bit about the classical MSE field first in order to gain an appreciation of interdisciplinary

I don�t require my students to purchase a book, first there is hardly a text book on nanomaterials science and engineering, sure there are books on �classical� materials science and engineering as the epitome of interdisciplinary, so if you want to know about the MSE approach, I recommend you go for one of the books below

Properties of Materials, by Mary Anne White, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1999, paperback, so it won�t be too expensive, pretty much a physical property book

R. W. Chan, The Coming of Materials Science, Pergamon, 2001, only about $ 60, but covers an enormous range

Understanding Materials Science, History, Properties, Applications, 1^st edition by Rolf E. Hummel, Springer 1998, only about $ 60, fun to read and all you need to know about properties of materials

The Science and Design of Engineering Materials, 2^nd edition

by James P. Schaffer, Ashok Saxena, Stephen D. Antolovich, Thomas H. Sanders, and Steven Warner, Mc Graw Hill, 1999, more expensive but really good

optional

fun texts to read at bedtime The Quantum Dot, Richard Turton, Oxford University Press, 1996, about $ 15 only, but a good description of the current microelectronics and its possible future

Materials in Today�s World, 2^nd edition, by Peter A. Thrower, McGraw Hill, 1996, can�t be expensive as one can get it in paperback, there are no color illustration and all the other things that make a book expensive

you can also access http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072402334/information_center_view0/ for free information on basically all engineering questions you may have, as long as they keep this site open

you may also like to check out http://www.people.virginia.edu/~lz2n/mse209/

for lecture notes in *.pdf format for a straightforward �Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering� at one of the top schools in this country.

This course aims to prepare advanced undergraduates and graduate students theoretically for PSU�s interdisciplinary summer course on the Fabrication and_Characterization_of_Nanomaterials is shall allow you to learn enough about the emerging field of Nanoscience and Engineering that you will be able to communicate and collaborate with other people in this field and adjacent fields throughout your professional life as a scientist or engineer.

The approach taken to this course follows a successful course on nanomaterials at NorthwesternUniversity that has been running from more than 5 years. That course is designed from the MSE perspective that the field can be depicted symbolically by the MSE tetrahedron where all vertices are of equal importance and represent (1) atomic structure and chemical composition, (2) physical and chemical property, (3) synthesis and processing, and (4) performance and under environmental constraints as well as property per cost ratio. (Sure in nano-MSE, there are two more �degrees of freedom� to be incorporated to define it as a discipline, (5) the nanometer size of the entity and (6) the shape of the entity (be it an inorganic crystal or a macromolecular assembly). So it is time to come up with some new paradigm for the �nano� future of MSE, maybe an octahedron will do since it has six vertices.)

To highlight a certain aspect of MSE, it is customary to depict the MSE tetrahedron with one of the four �equal� vertices up (making then in effect not-quite equal), e.g. S. M. Allen and E. L. Thomas, The Structure of Materials, Wiley, 1999, in order to have some justification to concentrate on one particular aspect of MSE.

This course will also be a little bit biased towards atomistic structure, because I believe with Samuel M. Allen and Edwin L. Thomas that �� there is a common set of principles governing the structure and properties of many different types of materials � an understanding of these principles forms the foundation of a modern education in the field of materials science and engineering.� � �Facility with crystallography is a primary skill for communication in materials science and engineering.�

Along similar lines, Bernhardt Wuensch defines materials science as being primarily about the �relation between the structure of matter and its properties� and materials engineering as being primarily about the �modification of properties and performance during and after processing, and with manufacture�.

One may, thus, define the materials science and engineering super-discipline loosely as being about communications between (materials) scientist and (materials) engineers. Surely a �language� is needed for this communication to happen. As far as the crystalline state is concerned, this �language� is in my opinion crystallography and its �words� are the crystallographic core concepts.

So what this course tries to achieve is:

- besides giving an overview over the whole field of nano(-materials) science and engineering (following the Northwestern University course approach and complementing with materials from similar courses such as the ones that are given at Purdue University and PSU�s own summer course) is

- serving students from all science and engineering disciplines at PSU and anybody interested from the Greater Portland Area,

- clarifying some simple physical laws of structure-property-size-shape relationships of crystalline engineering materials at the nanometer scale, study applications that involve nanostructured materials, develop student�s capabilities and skills for interdisciplinary communications, develop student�s capabilities to critically evaluate �nanotechnology related news claims / distinguishing real progress from hype�, help building a foundation for student�s live long learning

For all of that you have to learn some crystallography first � but you will get this from genuine crystallographers (me, and over the Internet from Bernhardt Wuensch) within one of the Science Common�s (http://sciencecommons.org/) partners project, i.e. the

MIT Open Courseware ("OCW")

lecture series of the MSE department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology!

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for comparison, this is how introductory courses on �nanostructured materials� and

�nanotechnology in general� are done elsewhere

http://www.rpi.edu/dept/materials/COURSES/NANO/index.html

http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/

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lecture plan and downloads

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1^st week What is materials science and engineering? Where is it coming from?

What distinguished materials science a science and engineering form other

disciplines? download my lecture manuscript here

get yourself the *.pdf files of an introductory lecture by Mark Hersam, MSE department, Northwestern University, in advance Introduction to Nanomaterials Science and Engineering from the MSE perspective http://www.nanohub.org/resources/179/

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2^nd week

there will be a discussion on: nanotechnology, the debate, get the slides and have an opinion on the subject before you come to class, so that we may discuss it

lecture No. 1 of the Mark Hersam�s course http://www.nanohub.org/courses/nanomaterials : Thin Film deposition techniques, producing materials with reduced dimensionality in one dimension, quantum wells, from that thin film deposition techniques that also produce quantum wires and quantum dots under optimized conditions with a range of approaches http://www.nanohub.org/resources/1872/

Geometrical-structural Crystallography, ideal structure, download lecture manuscript here

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3^rd week

Geometrical-structural Crystallography, ideal structure continued, download lecture manuscript here

lecture No 2. of http://www.nanohub.org/courses/nanomaterials lithography, basics http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2475/ bits and pieces of lecture No 3. of http://www.nanohub.org/courses/nanomaterials lithography advanced

http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2478/

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4^th week

Geometrical-structural Crystallography, ideal structure continued, download lecture manuscript here

new developments around alternatives to classical lithography: lecture No 4. of http://www.nanohub.org/courses/nanomaterials , atom optics (i.e. massive parallel direct-writing lithography using light to steer atoms http://www.nanohub.org/resources/1911/

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5^th week

Geometrical-structural Crystallography, ideal structure continued, download lecture manuscript here

for a change, a lecture from Timothy Sands, Purdue Univ. http://www.nanohub.org/contributors/73/ on Quantum dots, quantum wires and quantum tubes, these are materials with reduced dimensionality that came after the success of thin epitaxial layers and quantum wells http://www.nanohub.org/resources/376/

lecture No 5. of the Mark Hersam�s course http://www.nanohub.org/courses/nanomaterials , Chemical Synthesis, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2481/

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6^th week

Geometrical-structural Crystallography, ideal structure continued, download lecture manuscript here

Introduction to geometrical-structural Crystallography, real structure, download lecture manuscript here, (by the way: nanostructured metals deform differently since the concept of a dislocation is no longer useful, have a look at this paper from the Materials Research Bulletin)

energy conversion and Nano-MSE problems, download manuscript here

Timothy Sand�s: Designing Nanocomposite Materials for Solid-State Energy Conversion, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/832/

bits and pieces of thermoelectric materials

Mark Hersam�s course, Lecture 17: Nanoscale Thermal Properties http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2552/

Timothy Sand�s: Designing Nanocomposite Thermoelectric Materials http://www.nanohub.org/resources/383/

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7^thweek, all week effort:

Spatially averaged Crystallography as seen in transmission electron microscopy, download the lecture manuscripts of a mini-course I gave at the Technical University Chemnitz, here,

�Modern electron microscopes as crystallographic instruments�, a seminar I gave at Central Michigan University, download presentation, here

Erik Stach�s http://www.nanohub.org/contributors/10890/ Purdue University, MSE department

lecture No. 1: SEM, TEM and FIB, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/1097/

lecture No. 2: What TEM can reveal about your nanomaterials, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2359/

we spend some time on a real TEM, and look at some nanomaterials, details to be announced

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Nanomagnetism part I from Mark Hersam�s course, Lecture 15: http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2546/

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9^th week

Nanomagnetism part II from Mark Hersam�s course, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2549/ (posted on the nanohub.org website on 18 April 2007)

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10^th week

no �nano-course� is complete without the linking of nano and bio, so that�s what we do that week,

Rashid Bashir An Introduction to BioMEMS and Bionanotechnology, Lecture 1: Introduction, Device Fabrication Methods, DNA and Proteins

http://www.nanohub.org/resources/986/

An Introduction to BioMEMS and Bionanotechnology, Lecture 2: Essentials of Microbiology, Introduction to Microfluidics, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/987/

James R. Heath Nanosystems Biology http://www.nanohub.org/resources/170/

wrap up of whole course

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some nanoelectronics from Mark Hersam�s course:

nanoscale CMOS, part I: lecture 12: http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2537/

nanoscale CMOS, part II: lecture 13: http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2538/

alternatives to nanoscale CMOS: lecture 14: http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2543/

some Nano-Electo-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) from Mark Hersam�s course:

Lecture 18: Nanoelectromechanical Systems, part I, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2555/

Lecture 19: Nanoelectromechanical Systems, part II, http://www.nanohub.org/resources/2558/

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now let�s move on to your weekly homeworks. Your final grade for the course is entirely based on the various course work assignments !

because we have a mixture of undergraduates and graduates in this class, there need to be some more advanced assignments for graduate students

1. both graduate and undergraduates: read this paper and answer these questions , write a few paragraphs, (but not more than a page) that �summarizes/evaluates� this article � due at the beginning of the 2^nd week

2. both graduate and undergraduates: Richard P. Feynman�s �There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom� seminal talk on December 29^th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American

Physical Society: http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

answer these questions and write a few paragraphs, (but not more than two pages) that �summarize/evaluate and express your own opinions� about this article � due at the beginning of the 3^rd week

3a. graduates only � read this article on the biological frontier of physics, answer theses questions, and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece� � due at the beginning of the 4^th week

3b. undergraduates only - read this article on nano-sensors, answer theses questions and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece� � due at the beginning of the 4^th week

4a. both graduate and undergraduates: (kind of your midterm week, so there are two assignments),

read the well known Nanotechnology shaping the world atom by atom article by the US government�s Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN), answer these questions and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece�,

since the above was an �easy going and short� assignment, there is a second assignment for this week (kind of your midterm week), read this paper answer these questions and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece � both due at the beginning of the 5^th week � this week�s assignments are �kind of� equivalent to your Midterm exam, each of the two assignments for this week just counts like any one of the other weekly assignments of the course!

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5. both graduate and undergraduates: go to http://nanocrystallography.research.pdx.edu and answer these questions reading either this paper with color images, or this paper with gray scale images will help you � due � due at the beginning of the 9^th week (it is a bit involved, so do start early)

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6a. At the inaugural meeting of the �Titan Club� at FEI Company�s Nanoport in Eindhoven (The Netherlands) on January 29-30, 2008, with over 70 participants from 16 countries, there was �concern that the materials industry doesn�t seem to know what is available in terms of the capabilities of HREM� J. P. Heath, Microscopy and Microanalysis, March 2008, p. 13 � so that is a very good reason for you to learn something about transmission electron microscopy -

(HREM stands for High Resolution Electron Microscopy in the transmission mode, a more common acronym for this is HRTEM)

both graduates and undergraduates, read the booklet: �All you wanted to know about Electron Microscopy ...�, FEI Company, ISBN 90-9007755-3, freely accessible at http://www.fei.com/Resources/StudentLearning/tabid/91/Default.aspx

a free glossary of electron microscopical terms may come in handy: http://www.fei.com/resources/glossary-of-terms.aspx, answer the following questions and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece�, � due at the beginning of the 7^th week

7. graduates only, read this paper, (S. J. Pennycook et al., Materials Advances through Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy, MRS Bulletin 31 (2006) 36-43), answer these questions and then write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece�, � due at the beginning of the 8^th week

undergraduates just have one more week time for the completion of assignement 5, which is a bit more involved

8. both graduate and undergraduates, FINAL COURSE WORK � will have 30% weight of the whole course

write approximately 2-3 pages on what you think is nanoscience and �engineering and how it is going to develop in years to come. Think about all the assignments you did, what you have heard in the course, �� due at the beginning of the 10^th week,

I really do want your own opinion, there is no punishment for having other opinions than I tried to �seed in your minds�, but I do expect a personal and well argued piece of writing, the bests pieces may be so good that they could be published in the Journal of Nano Education (as a member of the Editorial Board of that journal, I would help you to get it published if it is really good, promise !)

9. on a voluntary basis, - in essence extra credit of up to 15 bonus points for doing these assignments, but you don�t have to do them if you feel comfortable of your achievements so far and have never missed an assignment before � note that this does not count towards the 30% of your final grade that comes from your final course work � for that there is no making up!; read �The materials science of pleasure� answer these questions, and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece�,

read this article http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/15/133459.shtml

and write your usual �summary/assessment/communication/opinion piece�, remember if it does not fit the 1989 MSE paradigm of the �structure-property-synthesis/processing-performance to cost ratio tetrahedron� (with two extra apexes for size and shape � making it nano-MSE) it is NOT Nano-(Materials)-Science and Engineering

� due at the beginning of the 10^th week

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some more resources

courtesy of Prof. Michael Hietschold, Technical University Chemnitz, Germany, here are his slides from the special guest lectures

courtesy of PSU�s Prof. Rolf Koenenkamp and em. Prof. Pavel Dr. Smejtek, here are the lecture notes on superconductivity

some interesting movies on crystallography can be found at http://www.geo.arizona.edu/xtal/movies/crystal_movies.html

some more basic crystallography can be found at

http://xrayweb.msg.ku.edu/notes/symmetry.html

a whole book on crystallography in open access: M. O'Keeffe and B. G. Hyde

Crystal Structures I: Patterns and Symmetry, freely accessible as *.pdf files at

http://www.public.asu.edu/~rosebudx/okeeffe.htm

a whole course on X-ray crystallography http://macxray.chem.upenn.edu/course/

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courtesy of Prof. K. H. D. H. Bhadeshia of Cambridge University in the U.K.

Worked examples in the Geometry of Crystals, the 2nd edition, published in 2001 (updated 2006), is now available for free download from this site.

The book deals with the mathematical crystallography of materials. It is intended for use by students and by anyone interested in phase transformations or interfaces.

ISBN 0-904357-94-5, published by the Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5DB. Reviewed in Acta Crystallographica A57 (2001) 478.

You can download the whole book:

PDF file (6 Mb)

some crystal structure movies: http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/MP1.crystals/MP1.crystals.html

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United Kingdom�s Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering joint report on

�Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties� - 29 July 2004.

http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm

UK Centre for Materials Education http://www.materials.ac.uk/

if you want to know more about nano-materials science and engineering, watch a video from the BBC at http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/3,

don�t be afraid of nanoparticles, for �shopping� of nano-products go to www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts, you will probably be surprised how many nano-products there are already

Review papers and specialized articles on nanomaterials science and engineering that are accessible at a dedicated nanoscience website of the Minerals, Metals $ Materials Society http://members.tms.org/TAQs/nanomaterials.asp

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courtesy of Prof. Fitzgerald from the University of Virginia, you may download how one does TEM including some basic crystallography, + TEM more advanced, Scanning electron microscopy, Scanning Probe Microscopies + (Scanning Probe Microscopies) more advanced , X-ray diffraction, and Focused Ion Beam techniques,

courtesy of Prof. Peter Goodhew, FRS, of Liverpool University in England, here are web sites of a complete basic course on transmission electron microscopy http://www.matter.org.uk/tem based on the textbook: Transmission Electron Microscopy, Part I, Basics by D.B. Williams and C.B. Carter and a lecture series on diffraction http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction)

All you wanted to know about

Electron Microscopy..., FEI Company, ISBN 90-9007755-3, freely accessible at http://www.fei.com/Resources/StudentLearning/tabid/91/Default.aspx and other resources at http://www.fei.com/Resources/WebResourcesLinks/tabid/95/Default.aspx?s=1

MINI Videos for fun and information

1: �Disassembly of a liquid crystal watch� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/nanolab/index.html

2: Nanoscience and Technology http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/nanotech.html perhaps from DVD,

3: �Amorphous metals� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/amorphous/index.html

4: �Carbon Nanotubes� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/nanotube/index.html

5: �Defects in Salt Crystals� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/Fcenter/index.html,

6: �Eaerogel� at http://www.cae.wisc.edu/~aerogel/videos.html

7: �Silicon� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/silicon/index.html

8.: �Computer chips� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/cpu/index.html

9. �NiTi shape memory alloys� at http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/cineplex/NiTi/index.html,